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Regulatory BodyPaleolithic Period
Northern
The term “Palaeolithic” refers to the Old Stone Age of the Prehistoric Period because it derives from the Greek words palaeos, which means old, and lithos, which means stone. This time period belongs to the Pleistocene geological era. The use of stone tools appeared first in the Palaeolithic period. In India, no human fossils have been found in association with Stone Age tools. However, geological dating provides some insight into the antiquity of tools. When assessing the evidence for early human settlement in India, it is observed to be later than the African region but contemporaneous with other Asian countries.
part of1. Paleolithic Period in India
Early or Lower Paleolithic
The earliest use of stone was started in the Lower Palaeolithic Age by Homo habilis and Homo erectus. Lower Palaeolithic Age in India is between (5,00,000- 1,00,000 BC)
Middle Paleolithic
Middle Palaeolithic culture in India is called Nevasian (similar to Mousterian), as flake tools were found at Pravara, Nevasa. Middle Palaeolithic Age in India is between (1,00,000- 40,000 BC)
Late or Upper Palaeolithic
This is the phase when modern man (Homo sapiens sapiens) first emerged around 50,000 years ago. Upper Palaeolithic Age in India is between (40,000-10,000 BC)
Early or Lower Paleolithic
The tools of this phase include mainly Core Tools. There are two main traditions : East and Southeast Asian tradition which is called Soanian tradition used chopper-chopping tool tradition. While western half of the Old World (Africa, western Europe, and West and South Asia), called as Acheulian prehistoric tradition. There is another culture called Abbevillian found in France. All are represented by the handaxe-cleaver or biface assemblages.
Tools of Early or Lower Paleolithic
Chopper
The tool consists of a rounded stone struck a
number of blows with a similar stone used as a
pounder,which created a serrated crest that served
as a chopping blade
Hand Axe
A hand axe is a prehistoric stone tool, bifacially
worked (meaning it has two faces) and roughly
teardrop-shaped
Cleaver
Cleavers are large, oblong or U-shaped stone tools,
similar to hand axes but distinguished by their wide,
straight cutting edge.
Middle Paleolithic
Middle Paleolithic toolmaking focused on flakes. This technique of tool making was called Flaking. Used to detach long, narrow, and parallel-sided flakes after sticking them from a core.This technique is called Levallois technique. The tools that were made were Blades , scrapers , points etc
Tools of Middle Paleolithic
Blades
long, narrow stone flakes at least twice as long as
they were wide
Scrapers
Tools with sharp edges and were likely used for
scraping away material from surfaces like animal hides
Points
Smaller and more slender than hand axes, often
triangular or leaf-shaped
Late or Upper Palaeolithic
A New Form of Flaking was developed in this Period called The punch technique, used for detaching long, parallel-sided blades from stone cores. This method involved placing the punch against the core and striking it with a hammerstone to detach blades. Another Technique called Pressure Flaking Technique involved applying controlled pressure to a core using a tool (often antler) to detach flakes. Besides blades,scrapers and Points , Burins (Blades with a chisel-like tip) and borers (small stone tools used for piercing holes) were also common.
While the General Economic Subsistence pattern was Hunter and Gatherer (These people hunted animals and gathered plants and fruits, that is why we call them hunter and gatherers) throughout the three phases of the Paleolithic age but he Hunting tools differed with from Lower to Upper Paleolithic. Due to the need to follow food sources, Paleolithic societies were nomadic, moving from place to place depending on seasonal availability of food.
Preoccupied Caves Shelters – They are big sandstone rock Shelters . Even temporary pits were used. People also took shelter in trees for protection from animals that couldn’t climb them.
People Lived in Communities and In order to ensure enough food production for their communities, they worked to manipulate those systems in certain ways, such as rotational hunting and gathering. Generally men Hunted for Food while women gathered their own food . Everyone was Equal
Based on the grave goods found beside the deceased, upper paleolithic burials are undoubtedly evidence of spirituality and religiousness
We did not get any evidence of paintings from lower or middle paleolithic age yet. In the Upper Palaeolithic period, we see a proliferation of artistic activities. First discovery of rock paintings in the world was made in India (1867-68) by an Archaeologist, Archibold Carlleyle, twelve years before the discovery of Altamira in Spain (site of oldest rock paintings in the world). In India, remnants of rock paintings have been found on the walls of caves situated in several districts of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Bihar, and Uttarakhand. Subjects of early works confined to three categories: Man, Animal, and Geometric symbols.
Pahalgam
Located In Anatnag district, J&K. Here A hand-axe
and flakes was discovered. Kashmir lacks Palaeolithic
tools in abundance becauseit was intensely cold
during the glacial times.
Riwat (Potwar Plateau)
Oldest dated Palaeolithic sites in South Asia (~2
million years ago). Core tools of Pre-Acheulian/Mode
variety found. Associated with Homo erectus.
Sanghao Caves
Middle and Upper palaeolithic occupation. Stone
tools along with bones and hearths. All the tools
are made of quartz.
Lakhudiyar
Lakhudiyar is a prehistoric rock shelter .It's known
for its rock paintings dating back to the Upper
Paleolithic period, showcasing depictions of
animals, humans, and geometric shapes,
created using fingers in black, red, and white
colors. site located in the Almora district of
Uttarakhand, India, along the banks of the
Suyal River.
Sohan Valley
The Sohan Culture is associated with the Lower
Paleolithic period and The valley is particularly known
for the discovery of Oldowan tools, like choppers and
flakes. It is Named after the Sohan River valley in
Pakistan.
Chopani Mando
It provides the earliest evidence of the use of pottery
in the world It is located on the left bank of the Belan
River, a tributary of the Ganga River.A habitation site
with cultural sequence from the upper Palaeolithic to
Neolithic age. Evidence of early domesticated animals
has been found too.