A toran of a stupa is an ornate, ceremonial gateway
marking the entrance, typically consisting of two
pillars and horizontal beams, elaborately carved with
Buddhist stories (like Jataka tales) and symbols,
serving as a sacred, symbolic passage to enlightenment,
famously seen at the Great Stupa in Sanchi.
The cardinal directions for stupa toranas are the North,
South, East, and West, each marking a significant event
in the Buddha's life: East for his Birth, South for
Enlightenment, West for his First Sermon, and North
for his Nirvana (death).
Note: The elaborately carved gateways were added later
(by Satvahanas) in the 1st century BC.

The Medhi is a crucial part of a stupa, a raised,
circular terrace or platform built around the base of
the dome (Anda) that serves as the primary path for
devotees to perform ritualistic clockwise
circumambulation (Pradakshina patha) as a meditative
act of reverence

The vedika of a stupa is the sacred, low stone or wooden
railing that encircles the monument, defining its holy
boundary and separating it from the secular world, often
featuring elaborate carvings of Buddhist tales and
symbols, with ceremonial gateways (toranas) at the
cardinal points for circumambulation

The yasti in a stupa is the central spire or mast rising
from the top of the dome (anda), symbolizing the axis
mundi (cosmic axis) connecting earth and heaven, often
surrounded by a railing (harmika) and topped by
ceremonial parasols (chhatras)

Chatras are tiered, umbrella-like finials symbolizing
royalty, protection, and spiritual ascent, placed atop
the yasti (spire)

Pradakshina Patha in a stupa is the circular, processional pathway around its base, where devotees walk clockwise (Pradakshina or Parikrama) as a meditative ritual of reverence, symbolizing the journey of the soul, often enclosed by railings (vedika)